As digitalization penetrates every industry-whether in cloud computing, telecommunications infrastructure, automotive electronics, or IoT devices-the security of hardware platforms is no longer an isolated concern of a single sector, but a common challenge faced by all critical infrastructures. In the past, the focus of cybersecurity was largely placed on software.

The modern digital supply chain is no longer a traditional linear sequence but a complex, interconnected ecosystem of suppliers, sellers, logistics providers, and customers. While digital transformation greatly improves efficiency, it also exponentially expands the overall attack surface. In this model, risks are no longer isolated but systemic and cascading...

As digital infrastructure becomes the backbone of today's enterprises and cloud services, servers have transformed far beyond their original role as mere computing units. They now function as central nodes for computation, storage, and connectivity. Within this transformation, Flash Memory has assumed a much more critical role...

As vehicles become increasingly intelligent and connected, the complexity of electronic/electrical (E/E) systems is growing exponentially. The automotive industry faces unprecedented cybersecurity challenges. Attackers are no longer theoretical threats—they are real entities capable of remotely controlling critical vehicle functions and stealing sensitive data...

As cybersecurity threats continue to evolve, attackers are no longer just targeting applications or operating systems, but are now penetrating deeper into the boot firmware layer of devices, including BIOS, UEFI, and BMC. These firmware components are responsible for initializing and verifying the system integrity during the boot process...

With the widespread adoption of AIoT (Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things) applications—from smart home devices to smart manufacturing, connected vehicles, smart cities, infrastructure and defense systems—the reliance of digital devices on flash memory for code storage has rapidly expanded...

In the wave of global digitalization and the proliferation of IoT devices, the application scope of wireless equipment has long surpassed traditional boundaries. From smart home appliances and wearable devices to industrial automation systems (industrial control security), all rely on stable and secure wireless communication...

IEC 62443 defines procedures for implementing electronic system security in Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS). In response to the growing trend of smart industrial control systems, both industry and governments have introduced cybersecurity regulations and standards...

The development of quantum computing is fundamentally reshaping the rules of cybersecurity. Traditional public key encryption mechanisms, such as RSA and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), rely on the complexity of problems like prime factorization and discrete logarithms for their security...

With the ongoing evolution of automotive electrification and intelligence, functional safety has expanded from advanced ADAS platforms to every electronic control unit (ECU) and module component in the vehicle...